How to Say 5:15 in Spanish: A Comprehensive Guide

Mastering how to tell time in Spanish is a fundamental skill for any language learner. Knowing how to express specific times like 5:15 is crucial for daily conversations, making appointments, and understanding schedules.

This article provides a detailed guide on how to say “5:15” in Spanish, covering various grammatical structures, common phrases, and practical examples. Whether you’re a beginner or an advanced learner, this comprehensive resource will enhance your ability to communicate time accurately and confidently in Spanish.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Telling time is a basic yet essential skill in any language. In Spanish, expressing time requires understanding specific grammatical structures and vocabulary.

Saying “5:15” accurately is vital for coordinating activities, scheduling meetings, and simply understanding daily routines. This guide focuses specifically on how to express this particular time in Spanish, providing a detailed breakdown of the necessary components and offering numerous examples to illustrate the concept.

Whether you’re a student, traveler, or business professional, mastering this skill will significantly improve your Spanish communication abilities.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how to say “5:15” in Spanish, covering the grammatical rules, vocabulary, and cultural nuances involved. By the end of this guide, you will be able to confidently express this time in various contexts, from casual conversations to formal appointments.

We will explore different ways to say “5:15,” including the standard form and variations, ensuring you have a complete grasp of the topic. Additionally, we’ll address common mistakes and provide practice exercises to reinforce your learning.

Understanding how to tell time in Spanish goes beyond simply memorizing phrases. It involves understanding the underlying grammatical structures and cultural conventions that shape how time is expressed.

By delving into these aspects, this article provides a deeper understanding of the Spanish language and culture. Whether you’re planning a trip to a Spanish-speaking country or simply want to improve your language skills, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and confidence to communicate effectively about time.

Definition: Expressing Time in Spanish

Expressing time in Spanish involves specific grammatical structures and vocabulary that differ from English. The general formula for telling time begins with the phrase “Son las” (it is) for all hours except one o’clock, which uses “Es la” (it is).

The hour is followed by the minutes, which are added or subtracted depending on the time. For times like 5:15, we need to understand how to express the hour (cinco) and the minutes (quince).

The concept of “y cuarto” (quarter past) is also crucial, as it’s a common way to express fifteen minutes past the hour.

In the context of “5:15,” the Spanish translation is “Son las cinco y cuarto.” Here’s a breakdown: “Son las” indicates that it is a plural hour (i.e., not one o’clock). “Cinco” is the Spanish word for five.

“Y” means “and.” “Cuarto” means “quarter,” referring to a quarter of an hour, or fifteen minutes. Therefore, “Son las cinco y cuarto” literally translates to “It is five and a quarter.” This phrase is widely used and easily understood in Spanish-speaking countries.

The function of telling time in Spanish is to communicate specific points in the day, schedule activities, and coordinate events. The expression “Son las cinco y cuarto” serves this purpose by providing precise information about the time.

The context in which this phrase is used can vary widely, from casual conversations about meeting times to formal appointments. Understanding the nuances of telling time in Spanish is essential for effective communication in a variety of settings.

Structural Breakdown: “Son las” vs. “Es la”

The Spanish language differentiates between singular and plural hours when telling time. This distinction is reflected in the use of “Es la” for one o’clock and “Son las” for all other hours.

Understanding this difference is fundamental to accurately expressing time in Spanish. The phrase “Es la” is used because one o’clock is considered a singular hour, while all other hours are treated as plural.

This grammatical rule applies regardless of the minutes that follow.

The phrase “Son las” is followed by the hour and then the minutes. For example, “Son las cinco” means “It is five o’clock.” When expressing minutes past the hour, the word “y” (and) is used.

So, “Son las cinco y quince” means “It is five and fifteen.” Alternatively, “Son las cinco y cuarto” is a more common way to say “It is five and a quarter,” which is equivalent to 5:15. The structure remains consistent for all hours except one o’clock.

Here’s a comparison table to illustrate the difference between “Es la” and “Son las”:

Time Spanish Explanation
1:00 Es la una Singular hour, uses “Es la”
1:15 Es la una y cuarto Singular hour, uses “Es la”
2:00 Son las dos Plural hour, uses “Son las”
5:15 Son las cinco y cuarto Plural hour, uses “Son las”
10:30 Son las diez y media Plural hour, uses “Son las”
1:05 Es la una y cinco Singular hour, uses “Es la”
3:20 Son las tres y veinte Plural hour, uses “Son las”
6:45 Son las siete menos cuarto Expressing time before the hour
9:50 Son las diez menos diez Expressing time before the hour
11:55 Son las doce menos cinco Expressing time before the hour
1:30 Es la una y media Singular hour, uses “Es la”
4:40 Son las cinco menos veinte Expressing time before the hour
7:35 Son las ocho menos veinticinco Expressing time before the hour
8:25 Son las ocho y veinticinco Plural hour, uses “Son las”
12:05 Son las doce y cinco Plural hour, uses “Son las”
1:45 Son las dos menos cuarto Expressing time before the hour
2:55 Son las tres menos cinco Expressing time before the hour
5:05 Son las cinco y cinco Plural hour, uses “Son las”
10:10 Son las diez y diez Plural hour, uses “Son las”
11:20 Son las once y veinte Plural hour, uses “Son las”

As you can see, mastering the correct use of “Es la” and “Son las” is crucial for accurately telling time in Spanish. This foundational knowledge will help you communicate effectively in various situations.

Types of Time: Exact, Quarter Past, Half Past, and More

In Spanish, time can be expressed in various ways, each with its own specific vocabulary and grammatical structure. Understanding these different types of time expressions is essential for comprehensive communication.

The most common types include exact times, quarter past, half past, minutes past the hour, and minutes before the hour. Each of these has a specific way to be communicated.

Exact Times: To express exact times, you simply state the hour followed by “en punto” (on the dot). For example, “Son las cinco en punto” means “It is five o’clock sharp.” This is a straightforward way to express time and is commonly used in formal settings or when precision is important.

Also Read  How to Say "Zebra" in French: A Comprehensive Guide

Quarter Past: As previously mentioned, “y cuarto” is used to express fifteen minutes past the hour. So, “Son las cinco y cuarto” means “It is five fifteen.” This is a common and convenient way to express time, especially in casual conversations.

Half Past: “Y media” is used to express thirty minutes past the hour. For example, “Son las cinco y media” means “It is five thirty.” This expression is also very common and easy to understand.

Minutes Past the Hour: To express minutes past the hour, you state the hour followed by “y” and the number of minutes. For example, “Son las cinco y diez” means “It is five ten.” This method is used for any number of minutes past the hour.

Minutes Before the Hour: To express minutes before the hour, you state the next hour followed by “menos” and the number of minutes. For example, “Son las seis menos diez” means “It is ten minutes to six” (5:50). This method is useful for expressing times that are closer to the next hour.

Examples: Saying 5:15 in Different Contexts

Understanding how to say 5:15 in Spanish requires seeing it in various contexts. Below are several tables providing examples of how this time can be expressed in different situations, including formal, informal, and specific scenarios.

Each table includes a range of sentences and phrases that incorporate the time 5:15, along with their English translations.

Formal Contexts

In formal settings, it’s important to use precise and clear language when expressing time. The following table provides examples of how to say 5:15 in formal situations, such as business meetings, official announcements, or academic presentations.

These examples emphasize clarity and professionalism.

Spanish English
La reunión comenzará a las cinco y cuarto de la tarde. The meeting will begin at 5:15 PM.
El vuelo número 123 saldrá a las cinco y quince. Flight number 123 will depart at 5:15.
Por favor, llegue a las cinco y cuarto en punto. Please arrive at exactly 5:15.
La presentación está programada para las cinco y quince. The presentation is scheduled for 5:15.
El evento tendrá lugar a las cinco y cuarto de la tarde. The event will take place at 5:15 PM.
Se requiere su presencia a las cinco y quince. Your presence is required at 5:15.
La cita está fijada para las cinco y cuarto. The appointment is set for 5:15.
El plazo para la entrega es a las cinco y quince. The deadline for submission is at 5:15.
La conferencia empezará a las cinco y cuarto. The conference will start at 5:15.
Le esperamos a las cinco y quince. We will be waiting for you at 5:15.
El tren llegará a las cinco y cuarto. The train will arrive at 5:15.
La sesión informativa será a las cinco y quince. The information session will be at 5:15.
La recepción comenzará a las cinco y cuarto. The reception will start at 5:15.
Es imprescindible estar presente a las cinco y quince. It is essential to be present at 5:15.
La hora de inicio es a las cinco y cuarto. The starting time is at 5:15.
El taller dará comienzo a las cinco y quince. The workshop will begin at 5:15.
La ceremonia se iniciará a las cinco y cuarto. The ceremony will start at 5:15.
Por favor, confirme su asistencia antes de las cinco y quince. Please confirm your attendance before 5:15.
La asamblea general se celebrará a las cinco y cuarto. The general assembly will be held at 5:15.
La inauguración será a las cinco y quince. The inauguration will be at 5:15.

Informal Contexts

In informal contexts, such as conversations with friends or family, the language used to express time can be more relaxed. The following table provides examples of how to say 5:15 in informal situations.

These examples use more casual language and common expressions.

Spanish English
Nos vemos a las cinco y cuarto, ¿vale? We’ll see each other at 5:15, okay?
Llego a las cinco y cuarto. I’ll arrive at 5:15.
¿Podemos quedar a las cinco y cuarto? Can we meet at 5:15?
La película empieza a las cinco y cuarto. The movie starts at 5:15.
Te llamo a las cinco y cuarto. I’ll call you at 5:15.
Estaré allí a las cinco y cuarto. I’ll be there at 5:15.
¿Estás libre a las cinco y cuarto? Are you free at 5:15?
Salgo a las cinco y cuarto. I’m leaving at 5:15.
Paso por ti a las cinco y cuarto. I’ll pick you up at 5:15.
¿Qué te parece a las cinco y cuarto? How about 5:15?
Llegaremos a las cinco y cuarto. We will arrive at 5:15.
Empezamos a las cinco y cuarto. We start at 5:15.
El partido es a las cinco y cuarto. The game is at 5:15.
Nos juntamos a las cinco y cuarto. We’re getting together at 5:15.
Sale a las cinco y cuarto. He/She leaves at 5:15.
Volvemos a las cinco y cuarto. We’re coming back at 5:15.
Quedamos a las cinco y cuarto. We’re meeting at 5:15.
Empieza a las cinco y cuarto. It starts at 5:15.
Llegué a las cinco y cuarto. I arrived at 5:15.
Saldremos a las cinco y cuarto. We will leave at 5:15.

Specific Scenarios

The following table provides examples of how to say 5:15 in specific scenarios, such as making appointments, discussing schedules, or planning events. These examples demonstrate how to integrate the time into everyday conversations and situations.

Spanish English
Tengo una cita a las cinco y cuarto con el médico. I have an appointment at 5:15 with the doctor.
Mi clase de español termina a las cinco y cuarto. My Spanish class ends at 5:15.
El autobús sale a las cinco y cuarto de la estación. The bus leaves at 5:15 from the station.
¿Puedes recogerme a las cinco y cuarto en la oficina? Can you pick me up at 5:15 at the office?
Quedamos para cenar a las cinco y cuarto. We’re meeting for dinner at 5:15.
El partido de fútbol empieza a las cinco y cuarto. The soccer game starts at 5:15.
La tienda cierra a las cinco y cuarto. The store closes at 5:15.
Necesito salir a las cinco y cuarto para llegar a tiempo. I need to leave at 5:15 to arrive on time.
El programa de televisión comienza a las cinco y cuarto. The television program starts at 5:15.
Nos reuniremos a las cinco y cuarto en el café. We will meet at 5:15 at the cafe.
Debemos estar allí a las cinco y cuarto. We should be there at 5:15.
El concierto empieza a las cinco y cuarto. The concert starts at 5:15.
Llegaré a casa a las cinco y cuarto. I will arrive home at 5:15.
La reunión familiar es a las cinco y cuarto. The family gathering is at 5:15.
Podemos empezar a las cinco y cuarto. We can start at 5:15.
La sesión de yoga es a las cinco y cuarto. The yoga session is at 5:15.
El taller de cocina empieza a las cinco y cuarto. The cooking workshop starts at 5:15.
Necesito terminar esto antes de las cinco y cuarto. I need to finish this before 5:15.
El seminario web empieza a las cinco y cuarto. The webinar starts at 5:15.
El ensayo comienza a las cinco y cuarto. The rehearsal starts at 5:15.
Also Read  How to Say "Fat" in Spanish: A Comprehensive Guide

Usage Rules: Formal and Informal Situations

When expressing time in Spanish, the level of formality can influence the choice of words and phrases. In formal situations, it’s best to use clear and precise language, while informal settings allow for more relaxed and colloquial expressions.

Understanding these usage rules is essential for effective communication in Spanish.

Formal Situations: In formal contexts, such as business meetings, academic presentations, or official announcements, it’s important to use the full expression “Son las cinco y cuarto.” Avoid using slang or colloquialisms. Ensure that your pronunciation is clear and that you use proper grammar. For example, when scheduling a meeting, you might say, “La reunión comenzará a las cinco y cuarto de la tarde” (The meeting will begin at 5:15 PM).

Informal Situations: In informal settings, such as conversations with friends or family, you can use more relaxed expressions. While “Son las cinco y cuarto” is still perfectly acceptable, you might also hear variations such as “A las cinco y cuarto” or simply “Cinco y cuarto.” The context of the conversation will usually make the meaning clear. For example, when making plans with a friend, you might say, “Nos vemos a las cinco y cuarto, ¿vale?” (We’ll see each other at 5:15, okay?).

There are no strict exceptions to these rules, but it’s always best to err on the side of formality when unsure. Listening to native speakers and observing how they express time in different situations can also provide valuable insights into these usage rules.

By paying attention to context and adapting your language accordingly, you can communicate effectively and appropriately in Spanish.

Common Mistakes: Avoiding Pitfalls

When learning to express time in Spanish, there are several common mistakes that learners often make. Being aware of these pitfalls can help you avoid them and improve your accuracy.

These mistakes often involve incorrect use of “Es la” vs. “Son las,” misuse of “y” and “menos,” and confusion with cultural norms.

Incorrect Use of “Es la” vs. “Son las”: One of the most common mistakes is using “Son las” for one o’clock or “Es la” for other hours. Remember that “Es la” is only used for one o’clock (Es la una), while “Son las” is used for all other hours (Son las dos, Son las cinco, etc.).

Misuse of “y” and “menos”: Another common mistake is confusing the use of “y” (and) for minutes past the hour and “menos” (minus) for minutes before the hour. For example, “Son las cinco y diez” (5:10) is correct, while “Son las cinco menos diez” would mean 4:50.

Confusion with Cultural Norms: In some Spanish-speaking countries, the 24-hour clock is commonly used, especially in formal settings. Being aware of this can help you avoid confusion. For example, “las diecisiete y cuarto” is another way of saying 5:15 PM.

Here’s a table illustrating some common mistakes and their corrections:

Incorrect Correct Explanation
Es las cinco y cuarto Son las cinco y cuarto “Es la” is only for one o’clock.
Son la una y cuarto Es la una y cuarto “Es la” is used for one o’clock.
Son las cinco menos cuarto (intending 5:15) Son las cinco y cuarto “Menos” indicates minutes before the hour.
A las cinco y quince de la mañana (always) A las cinco y quince de la mañana / tarde (depending on the time of day) Specify “de la mañana” (AM) or “de la tarde” (PM) for clarity.
Cinco quince Son las cinco y cuarto / Son las cinco y quince Incomplete; needs “Son las” for a full sentence.
Es cinco y cuarto Son las cinco y cuarto “Es” is used for “Es la una” only.
Son cinco y cuarto Son las cinco y cuarto “Las” is needed after “Son”.
Cinco y cuarto de mañana Son las cinco y cuarto de la mañana Missing the “Son las” part.
A cinco y cuarto voy A las cinco y cuarto voy “Las” is needed after “A”.
Cinco y cuarto Son las cinco y cuarto Missing “Son las” at the beginning of the sentence.

By being mindful of these common mistakes and practicing the correct forms, you can significantly improve your ability to accurately express time in Spanish.

Practice Exercises: Test Your Knowledge

To reinforce your understanding of how to say 5:15 in Spanish, here are several practice exercises. These exercises include fill-in-the-blanks, translations, and multiple-choice questions.

Each exercise is designed to test different aspects of your knowledge and help you identify areas where you may need further practice. The answers are provided below each exercise to allow you to check your work.

Exercise 1: Fill-in-the-Blanks

Complete the following sentences with the correct Spanish expression for 5:15.

Question Answer
La reunión es a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.
El tren llega a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.
Mi clase termina a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.
Nos vemos a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.
Debemos salir a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.
El evento empieza a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.
Llegaré a _____ en punto. Son las cinco y cuarto.
La cita es a _____ de la tarde. Son las cinco y cuarto.
El vuelo sale a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.
Estaré allí a _____. Son las cinco y cuarto.

Exercise 2: Translation

Translate the following sentences into Spanish, expressing the time 5:15 accurately.

English Spanish
The movie starts at 5:15. La película empieza a las cinco y cuarto.
I have a meeting at 5:15. Tengo una reunión a las cinco y cuarto.
We will arrive at 5:15. Llegaremos a las cinco y cuarto.
Please be there at 5:15. Por favor, esté allí a las cinco y cuarto.
The bus leaves at 5:15. El autobús sale a las cinco y cuarto.
Can you pick me up at 5:15? ¿Puedes recogerme a las cinco y cuarto?
I will call you at 5:15. Te llamaré a las cinco y cuarto.
Let’s meet at 5:15. Quedemos a las cinco y cuarto.
The class begins at 5:15. La clase empieza a las cinco y cuarto.
The store opens at 5:15. La tienda abre a las cinco y cuarto.

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct Spanish expression for 5:15 in each of the following questions.

Question Options Answer
How do you say 5:15 in Spanish? a) Es la cinco y cuarto, b) Son las cinco y cuarto, c) Es la una y cuarto b) Son las cinco y cuarto
Which of the following is correct? a) Son las cinco menos cuarto, b) Es las cinco y cuarto, c) Son las cinco y cuarto c) Son las cinco y cuarto
What time is “Son las cinco y cuarto”? a) 4:45, b) 5:15, c) 5:45 b) 5:15
How would you say “The meeting is at 5:15”? a) La reunión es es la cinco y cuarto, b) La reunión son las cinco y cuarto, c) La reunión es a las cinco y cuarto c) La reunión es a las cinco y cuarto
Which phrase is used for all hours except one o’clock? a) Es la, b) Son la, c) Son las c) Son las
What does “y cuarto” mean? a) Half past, b) Quarter past, c) Quarter to b) Quarter past
Which of the following is the most formal way to say 5:15? a) Cinco y cuarto, b) Son las cinco y cuarto, c) A las cinco y cuarto b) Son las cinco y cuarto
How do you express minutes past the hour in Spanish? a) Using “menos”, b) Using “y”, c) Using “en punto” b) Using “y”
What is the correct way to say “It is 5:15 PM”? a) Son las cinco y cuarto de la mañana, b) Son las cinco y cuarto de la tarde, c) Es las cinco y cuarto de la tarde b) Son las cinco y cuarto de la tarde
Which phrase would you use to make plans with a friend for 5:15? a) Nos vemos es la cinco y cuarto, b) Nos vemos son las cinco y cuarto, c) Nos vemos a las cinco y cuarto c) Nos vemos a las cinco y cuarto
Also Read  Saying "Father" in Vietnamese: A Comprehensive Guide

Advanced Topics: Nuances and Regional Variations

While “Son las cinco y cuarto” is the standard way to say 5:15 in Spanish, there are some advanced nuances and regional variations that can further enhance your understanding of the language. These include the use of the 24-hour clock, regional preferences for certain expressions, and the impact of context on word choice.

Understanding these advanced topics can help you communicate more effectively and naturally in Spanish.

24-Hour Clock: In some Spanish-speaking countries, the 24-hour clock is commonly used, especially in formal settings. For example, instead of saying “Son las cinco y cuarto de la tarde,” you might hear “Son las diecisiete y cuarto.” This is particularly common in Spain and some parts of Latin America. Being familiar with the 24-hour clock can help you avoid confusion and communicate more precisely.

Regional Variations: While “Son las cinco y cuarto” is widely understood, some regions may have their own preferred expressions. For example, in some areas, you might hear “Cinco y quince” instead of “Cinco y cuarto.” These variations are often subtle and reflect the unique linguistic characteristics of each region. Listening to native speakers from different regions can help you become more familiar with these variations.

Impact of Context: The context of the conversation can also influence the choice of words and phrases. In very formal settings, you might use more precise language, while in casual conversations, you might use more relaxed expressions. For example, when making an official announcement, you might say “El evento comenzará a las diecisiete y quince,” while when talking to a friend, you might simply say “Nos vemos a las cinco y cuarto.”

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some frequently asked questions about expressing time in Spanish, particularly focusing on how to say 5:15. These questions address common concerns and provide clear explanations to help you master this essential skill.

Q1: What is the most common way to say 5:15

in Spanish?

A1: The most common way to say 5:15 in Spanish is “Son las cinco y cuarto.” This phrase is widely understood and used in both formal and informal contexts throughout the Spanish-speaking world.

Q2: Can I say “Es la cinco y cuarto”?

A2: No, you cannot say “Es la cinco y cuarto.” The correct phrase is “Son las cinco y cuarto.” “Es la” is only used for one o’clock (Es la una).

Q3: What does “y cuarto” mean?

A3: “Y cuarto” means “quarter past.” It refers to fifteen minutes past the hour. So, “Son las cinco y cuarto” means “It is five and a quarter,” or 5:15.

Q4: Is it necessary to specify “de la mañana” or “de la tarde” when saying 5:15?

A4: It depends on the context. If it’s clear from the conversation whether you’re referring to AM or PM, it’s not always necessary to specify.

However, for clarity, especially in formal situations, you can say “Son las cinco y cuarto de la mañana” (5:15 AM) or “Son las cinco y cuarto de la tarde” (5:15 PM).

Q5: Are there any regional variations for saying 5:15 in Spanish?

A5: While “Son las cinco y cuarto” is widely understood, some regions may have their own preferred expressions. For example, you might hear “Cinco y quince” in some areas.

However, “Son las cinco y cuarto” is universally accepted.

Q6: How do I use the 24-hour clock to say 5:15 PM in Spanish?

A6: To use the 24-hour clock, you would say “Son las diecisiete y cuarto.” This is more common in formal settings and in some Spanish-speaking countries like Spain.

Q7: What’s the difference between “Son las cinco y cuarto” and “A las cinco y cuarto”?

A7: “Son las cinco y cuarto” means “It is 5:15.” “A las cinco y cuarto” means “At 5:15.” The latter is used when specifying a time for an event or appointment.

Q8: Is it correct to say “Cinco y cuarto” without “Son las”?

A8: While “Cinco y cuarto” can be understood in informal contexts, it’s not grammatically complete. It’s better to use the full phrase “Son las cinco y cuarto” for clarity and correctness.

Q9: How do I avoid common mistakes when saying 5:15 in Spanish?

A9: To avoid common mistakes, remember to use “Son las” for all hours except one o’clock, use “y” for minutes past the hour, and specify “de la mañana” or “de la tarde” if the context requires it. Practice regularly to reinforce your understanding.

Q10: Can I use “quince” instead of “cuarto” to say 5:15?

A10: Yes, you can say “Son las cinco y quince.” While “Son las cinco y cuarto” is more common, “Son las cinco y quince” is also correct and understood, especially in some regions.

Conclusion

Mastering how to say 5:15 in Spanish is a valuable skill that enhances your ability to communicate effectively in various situations. This guide has provided a comprehensive overview of the grammatical structures, vocabulary, and cultural nuances involved in expressing this time.

From understanding the difference between “Es la” and “Son las” to exploring regional variations and common mistakes, you are now equipped with the knowledge to confidently express 5:15 in Spanish.

By practicing the exercises and applying the usage rules outlined in this article, you can further refine your skills and improve your fluency. Remember to pay attention to context and adapt your language accordingly, whether you’re in a formal setting or having a casual conversation.

With consistent effort and attention to detail, you’ll be able to express time accurately and naturally in Spanish.

Continue to explore the Spanish language and culture to deepen your understanding and appreciation. Telling time is just one aspect of this rich and diverse language, and there’s always more to learn.

Embrace the challenge and enjoy the journey of becoming proficient in Spanish. ¡Buena suerte!

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *